The introduction of the sperm sample into the uterine cavity may be done to increase the number of sperm in the upper genital tract. In certain individuals this may increase the likelihood of conception. IUI may avoid cervical and vaginal factors preventing sperm entry or compensate for low sperm counts. Intrauterine insemination is sometimes called artificial insemination or therapeutic sperm insemination.

In order to introduce the sperm into the uterine cavity the semen has to be treated to remove chemicals in the liquid portion of the semen which may cause irritation of the uterus. The washing procedure takes about 1 hour. Sperm samples are most often collected in the clinic to assure a prompt delivery to the lab. Once in the lab, the specimen will be allowed to liquefy. Different types of special liquids called sperm media are used to rinse the debris and chemicals from the semen. The concentrated mixture that remains is made mostly of sperm. Gradient washes are often done to improve the concentration and selection of motile sperm. The washed sperm is now safe and ready for insertion into the uterus.

The insemination is a relatively simple procedure similar to obtaining a Pap smear, which can be accomplished in the clinic without anesthesia.

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